About the Participating Institutes
Co-publishers of Economic Freedom of the World

ACER, Albania The Albanian Center for Economic Research is a public-policy institute that focuses on research and advocacy activities. In addition to providing policy-makers and academics with applied economic research, it works to build public understanding of economic development issues. (E-mail: ZEFI@QSKE.TIRANA.AL)

African Research Center for Public Policy and Market Process, Kenya The African Research Center for Public Policy and Market Process, Kenya, is the first research centre founded in Africa by the African Educational Foundation for Public Policy and Market Process, an independent educational organization registered in the United States. The primary mission of the Center and the Foundation is to promote ideas about free markets and voluntary associations in Africa. The Center seeks to conduct research on all aspects of free markets, voluntary association, and individual liberty, and to disseminate the results to as wide an audience as possible. The Center also organizes seminars and conferences to examine issues related to liberty and enterprise in Africa.

Association pour la Liberté Economique et le Progrès Social (ALEPS), France The objective of ALEPS is to promote the idea of free markets generating social progress. It connects French liberal intellectuals with the world scientific community. Thanks to its permanent contacts with various prestigious foreign institutes, in 1990 ALEPS published "Manifeste de l'Europe pour les Européens," signed by 600 faculties from 28 countries.

The economic collapse of central planning and the disappearance of totalitarian regimes in Eastern Europe has not solved all social problems. The post-socialist society remains to be set up. This requirement in Eastern Europe is also needed in Western countries, such as France, where 40 years of the welfare state have led to mass unemployment, fiscal oppression, a social security explosion, an increase in poverty and inequality, and a loss of moral virtues and spiritual values. ALEPS provides the political and intellectual push for this necessary revival.

Association for Liberal Thinking, Turkey The objectives of the Association for Liberal Thinking as a non-profit, non-governmental organization are to introduce the liberal democratic tradition to the Turkish public; to engage in activities that promote understanding and acceptance of ideas like liberty, justice, peace, human rights, equality, and tolerance; to help the development of academic writing on liberal themes that will improve the ability of the Turkish people to assess contemporary domestic and international changes; and to attempt to find effective solutions to Turkey's problems within liberal thought. The Association for Liberal Thinking is not involved in day-to-day politics and has no direct links to any political party or movement. Instead, as an independent intellectual group, it aims to set and influence broader political agendas so as to contribute to the liberalization of Turkey in economics and politics.

Cato Institute, United States of America Founded in 1977, the Cato Institute is a public policy research foundation dedicated to broadening the parameters of policy debate to allow consideration of more options consistent with the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace. To that end, the Institute strives to achieve greater involvement by the intelligent, concerned lay public in questions of policy and the proper role of government through an extensive program of publications and seminars.

The Center for the Dissemination of Economic Knowledge, Venezuela CEDICE is a non-partisan, non-profit, private association dedicated to the dissemination, research, and promotion of philosophical, economic, political, and social thinking that focuses on individual initiative and activities conducive to a better understanding of the free market system and free and responsible societies. CEDICE carries out a variety of activities and programs to meet its objectives, including operating a library and bookstore, researching and writing the Venezuela Today series and other studies, conducting economic training for journalists, and offering special events and community programs.

Center for Policy Research, Sri Lanka The Center for Policy Research (CPR) is a non-partisan advocacy and policy research institute dedicated to fostering democracy and promoting free enterprise. As part of its philosophy, CPR actively takes positions on critical policy reform issues and aggressively lobbies key decision-makers in the country.

The Center for Research and Communication, Philippines The Center for Research and Communication (CRC), which started operations in 1967, conducts research and publishes works on domestic and international economic and political issues, focusing on the Asia-Pacific region. It provides fora for discussion and debate among academicians, businessmen, civil officials, and representatives of other sectors that help shape public opinion and chart the course of policies. CRC, which is the main research arm of the University of Asia and the Pacific in Metro Manila, Philippines, also currently serves as the Secretariat of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business Advisory Council.

Center for the New Europe, Belgium The Center for the New Europe is a European research institute based in Brussels. It aims to promote the advancement of a market-oriented economy, personal liberty, and creativity and responsibility in an ordered society. CNE is founded on the belief that European integration can work only in a society led by a spirit of democratic capitalism. The Center focuses on developing policy alternatives encouraging economic growth and deregulation; seeking new market-based solutions for social and environmental concerns; and promoting individual freedom, choice and responsibility.

Centre for Civil Society, India The Centre for Civil Society is an independent, nonprofit, research and educational organization devoted to improving the quality of life for all citizens of India by reviving and reinvigorating civil society. The focus on civil society enables one to work from both directions; it provides a "mortar" program of building or rebuilding the institutions of civil society and a "hammer" program of readjusting the size and scope of the political society. Both programs are equally critical and must be pursued simultaneously. Weeds of the political society must be uprooted and seeds of a civil society must be sown.

The Centre was inaugurated on August 15, 1997, signifying the necessity of achieving economic, social, and cultural independence from the Indian state after attaining political independence from an alien state. The Centre conducts Monthly Dialogues on topical issues to introduce classical liberal philosophy and market-based solutions into public debate. It has published Agenda for Change, a volume in 17 chapters that outlines policy reforms for the Indian government, Israel Kirzner's How Markets Work, and Self-Regulation in the Civil Society, edited by Ashok Desai. It organizes Liberty and Society seminars for college students and journalists. Email: civil@siliconindia.com; website: www.siliconindia.com/civil/.

Centro de Investigaciones Académicas (CIVILIZAR), Colombia The Centro de Investigaciones Académicas is a private, non-profit economic and social research organization. Established in 1996, the Centro is affiliated with the Sergio Arboleda University of Bogata. It is dedicated to the scientific study of economic and social topics. It defends individual liberty, which it recognizes as a basic principle to guide programs of research and education. The Centro supports research and publishes studies on economic, social, and legal issues in order to promote Colombian economic growth and human development.

Centro de Investigaciones Económicas Nacionales, Guatemala CIEN, the Center for Research on the National Economy was established in Guatemala in 1982. It is a private, non-partisan, not-for-profit public policy institute, funded by the sale of its books and periodical publications, income from conferences and seminars, and the support it receives from its members and the public. The Center's program is devoted to the technical study of economic and social problems that need to be resolved to promote the stable development of the nation. Its members, staff, research associates, and its supporters share the principles of a social order of free and responsible individuals interacting through a market economy functioning within the rule of law.

Centro de Investigaciones Sobre la Libre Empresa, A.C., Mexico The Centro de Investigaciones Sobre la Libre Empresa (CISLE) is a non-profit, educational and public policy organization founded in 1984. Its aim is to defend and promote the ideals of free trade and free enterprise in all areas of society, and it maintains that the fundamental source of well-being and the wealth of nations is a sound institutional order that guarantees competition, private ownership, and open markets. CISLE's activities are financed by a select group of generous donors.

Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Legales (CITEL), Peru CITEL was organized in 1989. Its principal field is the economic analysis of law. To that end, it conducts research on different legal institutions, publishes books, and organizes seminars and colloquia.

Centrum im. Adama Smitha, Poland The Centrum im. Adama Smitha, Poland (the Adam Smith Research Centre) is a private, non-partisan, non-profit, think-tank and public policy institute. It was founded in 1989 and was the first such institute in Poland and in Eastern Europe The ASRC is devoted to the furtherance of a free and fair market economy, participatory democracy, and virtuous society. Its activities in research and development, education, and publishing cover almost all important issues within the areas of economy and social life. The ASRC acts as a guardian of economic freedom in Poland. The ASRC associates more than 50 experts. E-mail: adam.smith@adam-smith.pl; website: http://www.adam-smith.pl

Edmund Burke Institute, Ireland The Edmund Burke Institute is a non-profit and non-political organization that believes that Ireland's political, academic, and cultural leaders have failed to draw the natural conclusions from the collapse of state socialism and the growth of free-market ideas across the industrialized and developing world. It believes that these ideas are directly relevant to Ireland, and that hostility towards free markets and individual freedom needs to be challenged by an institution that promotes debate and discussion about the role of the state in our lives. (Internet: http://www.his.com/~chyden/ebi/)

The Estonian Institute for Open Society Research The Estonian Institute for Open Society Research was established in 1993 as an independent non-profit public policy research institute. EIOSR's research and public communication programs focus on the key issues of Estonian social and political development: building a free-market economy and open civil society; enhancing social stability and integration of minority groups; promoting Estonia's integration into European and world structures. EIOSR's first effort was the Estonian translation of Milton Friedman's book, Capitalism and Freedom, in early 1994. Current EIOSR projects include promoting the idea of philanthropy to local businesses and elaborating future scenarios concerning the integration of the Russian minority into Estonian society.

The F.A. Hayek Foundation, Slovak Republic The F.A. Hayek Foundation is an independent, non-profit organization that brings together social scientists, business people, and policy-makers to exchange their ideas on economic, social, political, and other issues. It provides practical reform proposals for the transition of economics, health, education, social welfare, retirement and legislative systems. The F.A. Hayek Foundation established a tradition that was virtually absent in Slovakia until 1989--the tradition of liberal thinking and its further cultivation in order to demonstrate the advantages of market economy solutions as better alternatives to collectivist policies. The Foundation promotes the following liberal ideals: limited government, a free-market economy, and an open society based on the concept of individual choice and personal responsibilities.

The Fraser Institute, Canada The Fraser Institute is an independent Canadian economic and social research and educational organization. It has as its objective the redirection of public attention to the role of competitive markets in providing for the well-being of Canadians. Where markets work, the Institute's interest lies in trying to discover prospects for improvement. Where markets do not work, its interest lies in finding the reasons. Where competitive markets have been replaced by government control, the interest of the Institute lies in documenting objectively the nature of the improvement or deterioration resulting from government intervention. The work of the Institute is assisted by an Editorial Advisory Board of internationally renowned economists. The Fraser Institute is a national, federally chartered, non-profit organization financed by the sale of its publications and the tax-deductible contributions of its members (email: info@fraserinstitute.ca; website:www.fraserinstitute.ca).

The Free Enterprise Commission, Panama The Free Enterprise Commission is a working group within the Panamanian Association of Executives (APEDE). APEDE is a non-partisan, non-profit association dedicated to the improvement of entrepreneurship, management, and the development of the individual in a free society. As such, APEDE invests a good part of its efforts in education and individual liberties.

The Free Market Foundation of Southern Africa The Free Market Foundation of Southern Africa was established in 1975 to promote economic freedom. The FMF sponsors and conducts research, publications, conferences, lectures, training programs and lobbying efforts in support of the free market. Its funding comes from membership subscriptions, project sponsorships, and income from sales and fees.

Fundación Economía y Desarrollo, Inc., Dominican Republic The Fundación Economía y Desarrollo, Inc. (FEyD) is a private non-profit organization dedicated to fostering the principles, mechanisms, and advantages of the economy of competitive markets and private enterprise as well as the economic policies which back this strategy of economic development. To meet its objectives, FEyD has several regular publications in the most important newspapers in the country. It also produces a weekly television program called "Triálogo," a one-hour program that is broadcast three times week, and elaborates numerous studies related to the performance of the Dominican economy and its sectors.

Fundacion Libertad, Democracia y Desarrollo, Bolivia The Fundacion Libertad, Democracia y Desarrollo (FULIDED), is a non-profit organization founded by a group of citizens interested in promoting democracy and freedom. The Foundation has the purpose of investigating, analyzing, and disseminating issues of national priority, keeping in mind that economic, political, and social topics are of great importance in strengthening the free market and private initiative, within the ideal of an open, pluralist, and honest society. Through seminars, debates, and publications, FULIDED seeks to create a current of opinion according to Bolivia's reality and in the framework of a global economy.

Gruppo Giovani Imprenditori and Centro Luigi Einaudi, Italy The Turin Group of Young Entrepreneurs was founded in 1959. It is composed of 300 entrepreneurs and managers under the age of 40. A member of the Confederation of Italian Industry, it has always been on the forefront of the liberalization of the Italian economy.

Established in 1963, the Centro di ricerca e documentazione "Luigi Einaudi" is one of Italy's most influential independent think tanks. Its aim is to further free-market policies and personal freedom, promote leaner government, and enhance political pluralism.

Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research The Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research is an educational, charitable trust established in 1987 to promote public understanding of economic affairs and to develop alternative policy choices for government with the aim to promote the free market in Hong Kong. The Centre publishes and promotes authoritative research studies to achieve its goals. It is widely recognized as the leading free-market think-tank in Asia and has been influential in persuading public opinion and the government to liberalize telecommunications, open up air-cargo handling franchises, privatize public housing, adopt a fully funded provident scheme instead of a pay-as-you-go pension scheme, remove legally sanctioned, deposit interest-rate fixing among banks, adopt market mechanisms for protecting the environment, and other public-policy measures in Hong Kong.

Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, Israel The mission of the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies is the development of policies in economics, strategic studies, and politics, directed toward the understanding and realization of limited government in domestic affairs and the balance of power in strategic planning. The Institute's Division for Economic Policy Research (DEPR) produces Policy Studies in both English and Hebrew, while the Division for Research in Strategy and Politics produces one series of documents in strategic studies, and another series in politics.

The Institute for Economic Freedom, Bahamas The Institute for Economic Freedom is an independent non-political, non-profit Bahamian institute that promotes economic growth, employment and entrepreneurial activity. It believes that this can best be achieved with a free market economy and a decent society--one that embraces the rule of law, the right of private property, the free exchange of property and services, and the individual virtues of self-control, commitment, and good will.

Institute for Economy and Politics (IWIP), Austria IWIP is an affiliate institute of the Federation of Austrian Industry. Its duty is to give objective information to the general public about the economy, politics, and culture. It supports a social free market economy and protection of the environment. IWIP organizes meetings, workshops, symposiums, and lectures, and is editor of Conturen, a quarterly magazine aimed at the liberal and critical reader who is interested in diverse discussions about the economy, politics, and culture.

Institute for Market Economics, Bulgaria Established in 1993, IME is the first independent economic think tank in Bulgaria. It is a private, registered, non-profit corporation with a mission to elaborate and advocate market approaches to the problems Bulgaria is facing in its transition to a market economy, thus supporting market reforms. IME's objectives are to provide the following: independent assessment and analysis of the government's economic policies; a focal point for an exchange of views on market economics and relevant policy issues; and an internationally supported Bulgarian think-tank that is widely respected for its expertise. (E-mail: IME@omega.bg)

The Institute of Economic Affairs, England The IEA's mission is to improve public understanding of the foundations of a free and harmonious society by expounding and analyzing the role of markets in solving economic and social problems, and bringing the results of that work to the attention of those who influence thinking. The IEA achieves its mission by a high quality publishing program; conferences, seminars and lectures on a range of subjects; outreach to school and college students; brokering media introductions and appearances; and other related activities. Incorporated in 1955 by the late Sir Antony Fisher, the IEA is an educational charity, limited by guarantee. It is independent of any political party or group, and is financed by sales of publications, conference fees, and voluntary donations.

The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) Ghana is an independent, non-governmental institution dedicated to the establishment and strengthening of a market economy and a democratic, free, and open society. The IEA was founded in October 1989. It considers improvements in the legal, social, and political institutions as necessary conditions for sustained economic growth and human development. The IEA supports research, and promotes and publishes studies on important economic socio-political and legal issues in order to enhance understanding of public policy.

Institute of Economic Analysis, Russia The Institute of Economic Analysis is a macroeconomic research institute designed to: analyze the current economic situation and policies; provide expert analysis of acts, programs, and current economic policy; consult Russian government bodies, enterprises, and organizations; prepare and publish scientific, research and methodological economic literature; and conduct seminars, conferences, and symposia on economic topics. The Institute is an independent, non-governmental, non-political, non-profit research centre that works closely with leading Russian and international research centres. Its research focuses on macroeconomic, budget, and social policy.

Institute of Economic Studies, Iceland The Institute of Economic Studies was founded in 1989. It operates within the Department of Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at the University of Iceland. From the outset, the Institute has been active in carrying out applied research projects commissioned by a great variety of private and public clients ranging from small Icelandic interest groups to the Nordic Investment Bank to the governments of Iceland, Denmark, and the Faroe Islands. More recently, funded by research grants, the Institute has put greater emphasis on large-scale applied research projects with substantial analytical content and economic research.

Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development, Slovenia The Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development (IMAD) is a part of the Ministry of Economic Relations and Development. It plays the key analytical role in preparation of annual memoranda on economic policy and it coordinated the preparation of the Strategy of Economic Development of Slovenia and its Strategy for Accession to the European Union. Its activities also include current analyses of macroeconomic trends and of social, regional, and institutional development; simulations and evaluations of economic and developmental measures; development of methodological tools and information systems. In order to fulfill its tasks, the Institute has around 50 employees, two-thirds of whom are specialists. Its publications, Slovenian Economic Mirror and its Spring and Autumn Reports are translated into English and distributed to a large international audience. IMAD also publishes the international Journal for Institutional Innovation, Development, and Transition (IB Review) and organizes an annual conference on the general topic of Institutions in Transition.

Institute of Public Affairs, Australia Established in 1943, the IPA is Australia's oldest and largest private-sector think-tank. Its aim is to advance the interests of the Australian people. Those interests include prosperity and full employment, the rule of law, democratic freedoms, security from crime and invasion, high standards in education and family life. To identify and promote the best means of securing these values, the IPA undertakes research, organizes seminars, and publishes widely.

Instituto Ecuatoriano de Economia Politica, Ecuador The Instituto Ecuatoriano de Economia Politica (IEEP) is a private, independent, non-profit institution. Its mission is to defend and promote the classical liberal ideals of individual liberty, free markets, limited government, property rights, and the rule of law. The IEEP achieves its mission through publications, seminars, and workshops that debate socio-economic and political issues. The IEEP's funding comes from voluntary donations, membership subscriptions, and income from sales of its publications. (E-mail: dampuero@ecua.net.ec)

Instituto Liberal do Rio de Janiero, Brazil Instituto Liberal is a non-profit institution supported by donations and the sponsorship of private individuals and corporations. Its by-laws provide for a Board of Trustees as its supreme body, and forbid any political or sectarian affiliations. Its principal objective is to persuade Brazilian society of the advantages of a liberal order. To attain this goal the institute publishes books, organizes seminars, and elaborates policy papers on subjects related to public policy.

The Korea Center for Free Enterprise The Center for Free Enterprise (CFE) is a foundation committed to advancing guiding principles such as free enterprise, limited government, freedom and individual responsibilities, the rule of law and restraint of violence. The CFE was inaugurated as a non-profit, independent foundation funded by the members of the Federation of Korean Industries (FKI) on April 1, 1997, when woes over an economic crisis began seriously to plague Korean society. The CFE has concentrated its efforts on championing the principles of a free economy through books and reports on related ideas, philosophies, public policies, statistics and analyses. By holding occasional workshops and policy forums, the CFE has striven to put forward policy alternatives to proposed solutions for pending issues facing the Korean society.

Libertad y Desarrollo, Chile Libertad y Desarrollo is a private think-tank committed to free market ideas and devoted to research, study, and analysis of public policy issues inspired by political and economic freedom. Libertad y Desarrollo is wholly independent of any religious, political, financial, or governmental groups.

Liberales Institut, Germany The Liberales Institut (Liberty Institute) is the think-tank of the Friedrich-Naumann-Foundation. Based in Berlin and Königswinter, the Institute devotes itself to spreading classical liberal and free-market ideas through the publication of classical liberal literature, the analysis of current political trends, and the promotion of research. By organizing conferences and workshops, the Institute tries to stimulate an intellectual exchange among liberals around the world.

Liberales Institut, Switzerland The Liberal Institute provides a platform where the basic values and concepts of a free society can be discussed and questioned. The Institute offers a meeting place for practitioners and theoreticians from different walks of life and professions. The aim is to examine issues in an open atmosphere, to inquire and experiment. The Liberal Institute is not associated with any political party. It wants to foster the development and dissemination of liberal ideas in the classical European sense, ideas about personal freedom, limited government, and free markets.

Liberální institut, Czech Republic The Liberal Institute is an independent, non-profit organization for the development and application of liberal ideas and programs based on the principles of classical liberalism. The Liberal Institute's activities are based on the recognition of the following: each individual has inalienable rights, and the individual's life is valuable; the principle of voluntary action applies in all human activity; the institutions of private property, contract, and the rule of law are essential in the protection of human rights; self-regulating markets, free trade, and a clearly defined government sphere are crucial factors for the development of any society. The Liberal Institute is financed by funds realized from its various activities and by donations from individuals and private corporations.

Lithuanian Free Market Institute, Lithuania The Lithuanian Free Market Institute (LFMI) is an independent, non-profit, organization founded in 1990 to promote the ideas of economic liberalism based on the principles of individual freedom and responsibility, free markets, and limited government. The LFMI's staff pursues this mission by exploring key issues of economic policy, developing conceptual reform packages, drafting and evaluating legislation, and submitting policy recommendations at the legislative and executive levels, and launching public educational campaigns. LFMI's activities also include sociological surveys, publications, conferences, workshops, and lectures. Since its inception, LFMI has addressed a variety of core issues confronting the economic reform process: it promoted the idea of a currency board and provided decisive input to the Law on Litas Credibility, led the creation of the legal and institutional framework for the securities market, and initiated the policy-making process on private pension insurance through pension funds. LFMI's recommendations were adopted in legislation on commercial banks, the Bank of Lithuania, privatization, credit unions, insurance, and foreign investment. LFMI influenced strongly the improvement of company and bankruptcy law. The Institute has also developed a conceptual proposal for tax and budget reform and proposals from LFMI were adopted in policy debates on income taxation, real estate tax, and inheritance and gift taxes. Recently, LFMI has initiated a business deregulation process.

Making Our Economy Right (MOER), Bangladesh MOER champions free-market concepts and the freedom of the individual. MOER was founded in 1991, a period that saw the downfall of the communist empire across the globe as well as the fall of Bangladesh's own nine-year military dictatorship. Bangladesh is still a fully statist society where politicians promise jobs and economic development but are unaware that the function of the state and the government is merely to protect individual freedom, liberty, life, property, and the national geographic boundary.

Today, in 1998, there are no dramatic changes towards free-market individualism in Bangladesh but MOER continues its work, writing in the national newspapers and translating free-market literature into Bangla. MOER solicits international support and cooperation in its efforts to liberalize Bangladesh's economy fully and thereby to democratize Bangladesh society. The use of the Internet has been tremendously helpful in our work and we are thankful for the support of the Atlas Economic Research Foundation. Contact Nizam Ahmad via e-mail at nizam@bdmail.net; wegsite: http://www.atlas-fdn.org/moer.

The New Zealand Business Roundtable The New Zealand Business Roundtable is an organization of chief executives of about 60 of New Zealand's largest business organizations. Its aim is to contribute to the development of sound public policies that reflect New Zealand's overall interests. It has been a prominent supporter of the country's economic liberalization reforms.

Szazadveg Institute, Hungary The Szazadveg Institute is a non-profit organization performing political and economic research, advisory and training activities. This think-tank is independent of the government or any political parties and has been operating as a foundation since its establishment in 1990. Szazadveg endeavors to publish its research results in specific professional and academic areas to the public at large as well as to render professional services in order to support the preparation of decisions by economic institutions, political and civil organizations, political parties, and the government.

Timbro, Sweden Timbro is a Swedish free-enterprise think-tank. Its goal is to mould public opinion favourably toward free enterprise, a free economy, and a free society. Timbro publishes books, papers, reports, and the magazine Smedjan. It also arranges seminars and builds human networks. Founded in 1978, Timbro is owned by the Swedish Free Enterprise Foundation, which has as its principals a large number of Swedish companies and organizations.

The Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research The Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research was established in early 1991 as a non-profit, non-partisan, and non-governmental research institution. Its purpose is to enhance the awareness of the Ukrainian people of democracy and to further the analytic research of Ukrainian domestic and international politics and security. The UCIPR is politically independent; it does not accept any funding from either the state or any political party. The UCIPR publishes books and research papers on Ukraine's domestic and foreign policy issues, economy in transition, security doctrine, relations with neighbouring states, the Crimean dilemma, inter-ethnic relations, and media freedom, and so on. The Center has hosted a number of national and international conferences and workshops on the above issues.

Fundación del Orden Social de la Libertad, Argentina; Institute of Economics, Croatia; and Liberty Network (LINE), Denmark have recently joined the Economic Freedom Network; descriptions of their activities will be included in the next issue of Economic Freedom of the World.

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