August 2001
Notes and References
Notes
1. CANSIM Series D14816, D15055, D15056, and D15072.
2. Weidenbaum calls these indirect costs the induced costs of regulation (Weidenbaum, 1979: 36-37).
3. Regulations can be called by-laws, commissions, forms, letters patent, ordinances, orders, proclamations, rules, resolutions, tariffs of costs or fees, or warrants. Unlike statutes, which are enacted by democratically elected legislatures, regulations are made by government departments and by Crown corporations called regulatory agencies on authority delegated them by legislatures in statutes called enabling Acts (Department of Justice, 1996: 15). Orders made by courts and administrative tribunals during disputes between two or more people are not regulations, although authors who define economic regulation more expansively than Priest, Stanbury and Thompson (1980) might include them.
4. In the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) tracks the burden of regulation from paper-work. As a result, some American studies of regulation have separated "paperwork regulation" into its own category (see, for example, Hopkins, 1996). The principal cost in this category is that of complying with the tax code but it also includes the cost of complying with health-care regulatory cost-control systems and cost of meeting federal mandates placed on lower levels of government.
5. Weidenbaum and DeFina treat spending on capital outlays as expenses (one-time uses of resources) even though capital's useful life exceeds one year by definition (that is the way capital outlays are treated in the public accounts).
6. CANSIM Matrix 6528, and Series D14816, D15884, and D15689.
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